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There are 4 sizes of ukulele commonly available; Soprano, Concert, Tenor and Baritone. In recent years the Soprano ukulele as become the most popular. The sizes are as per the table below.
There are many hybrids including Flying V shapes, Pineapple shapes, Electro-Acoustic , Banjolele , (a Banjo body and Ukulele neck), Guitarlele (a guitar neck and Ukulele body) and a Resonator (metal) style and many home-made styles.
Type
| Scale length
| Total length | Tuning | Image & Link
| | Soprano | 13" (33 cm) | 21" (53 cm) | A4-D4-F#4-B4 G4-C4-E4-A4
|  | Concert
| 15" (38 cm) | 23" (58 cm | G4-C4-E4-A4 A4 D4 F#4 B4 A4 D4 F#4 B4 G3-C4-E4-A4
|  | Tenor
| 17" (43 cm) | 26" (66 cm)
| G3-C4-E4-A4 G4-C4-E4-A4 A4 D4 F#4 B4 D4-G3-B3-E4
|  | | Baritone | 19" (48 cm) | 30" (76 cm) | D3-G3-B3-E4 |  |
The soprano, often called "standard" in Hawaii, is the smallest and was the original size. The concert size was developed in the 1920s as an enhanced soprano, slightly larger and louder with a deeper tone. Shortly thereafter, the tenor was created, having more volume and deeper bass tone. The baritone was created in the 1940s. 
The soprano ukulele uses the mnemonic My Dog Has Fleas, sung to the notes as shown below. When I am teaching I use the phrase Good Children Eat Apples as well as providing a little rhyme it also aids memory for the string names.  The TAB line shows 4 lines with the bottom line being the string closest to you, i.e. G or whichever note your bottom string is tuned to.
In the ukulele lessons we hold at the shop, and our strummers club we use the C tuning.
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